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PEOPLE

Language
Khalkha Mongolian
Source: New Internationalist World Guide

Population

2009	2.7 million	U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Population Division (2009)
2007	2.6 million	U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Population Division (2006)
2006	2.6 million	U.N. DESA (2006)
2005	2.6 million	U.N. DESA (2006)
2004	2.6 million	U.N. DESA (2006)
2003	2.5 million	U.N. DESA (2006)
2002	2.5 million	U.N. DESA (2006)
2001	2.5 million	U.N. DESA (2006)
2000	2.5 million	U.N. DESA (2006)

Future population estimates
3.4 million (2050)
Source: U.N. DESA (2009)

Ethnic groups
Khalkha Mongol 79 percent. There is a Kazakh minority and smaller Mongolian ethnic groups, including the Dorbed Mongol.
Source: NI World Guide

Religion
Buddhism
Source: NI World Guide

Percentage urban population

2007	56.9 percent	U.N. DESA - World Urbanisation Prospects 2005
2006	56.8 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)
2005	56.7 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)
2004	56.6 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)
2003	56.6 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)
2002	56.6 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)
2001	56.6 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)
2000	56.6 percent	U.N. DESA (2005)

Year women granted right to vote
1924
Source: U.N. Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report
Where two figures are shown, the first refers to a partial recognition of the right to vote and the second to the year women received the right to vote on a universal and equal basis.

Net percentage of girls enrolled in primary education
89 (2007)
Source: UNESCO

Percentage of population under 15

2005	28.9 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2004	31.3 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	32.2 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	33.2 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	34.2 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	35.2 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

USEFUL INFORMATION

Time zone
GMT +8

Climate description
Long, cold, dry winter October - May, short, warm summer

Currency
Tugrik

Telephone dialling code
(+) 976

Driving (left/right)
Right

STANDARD OF LIVING

Average life expectancy

2005	65.9 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2004	64.5 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	64.0 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	63.7 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	63.3 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	62.9 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Life expectancy - male

2005	62.8 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2004	62.5 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	62.1 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	61.7 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	61.3 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	60.9 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Life expectancy - female

2005	69.2 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2004	66.5 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	66.1 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	65.7 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	65.3 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	64.9 years	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Infant mortality

2007	35 per 1,000 live births	U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) - State of the World's Children 2009
2006	34 per 1,000 live births	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2008
2005	39 per 1,000 live births	U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) - State of the World's Children 2007
2004	41 per 1,000 live births	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2006
2003	56 per 1,000 live births	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	58 per 1,000 live births	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	61 per 1,000 live births	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	62 per 1,000 live births	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Child mortality - deaths before the age of five

2007	43 per 1,000 live births	U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) - State of the World's Children 2009
2006	43 per 1,000 live births	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2008
2005	49 per 1,000 live births	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2007
2004	52 per 1,000 live births	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2006

Births attended by skilled personnel

1997-2005	97 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
1996-2004	97 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
1995-2003	99 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
1995-2002	97 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
1995-2001	97 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
1995-2000	97 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Maternal mortality

2005	46 per 100,000 live births	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2000	110 per 100,000 live births	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006

Human development index (HDI rank)

2005	114	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2004	116	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	114	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	117	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	117	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	113	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Percentage of children under weight for age (under age 5)

2000-2007	6 percent	U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) - State of the World's Children 2009
2000-2006	6 percent	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2008
1996-2005	7 percent	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2007
1996-2004	13 percent	UNICEF - State of the World's Children 2006
1995-2003	13 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
1995-2002	13 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
1995-2001	13 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
1995-2000	13 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Percentage of undernourished population

2003-2005	29 percent	U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 2008
2002-2004average	27 percent	U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 2006
2001-2003average	28 percent	FAO 2006

Food intake falls below the minimum requirement.

Population with access to improved water

2006	72 percent	UNICEF and WHO 2008
2004	62 percent	UNICEF and World Health Organisation (WHO) 2006
2002	62 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2000	60 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004

Population with access to improved sanitation

2006	50 percent	UNICEF and WHO 2008
2004	59 percent	UNICEF and WHO 2006
2002	59 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005

Literacy - average

2004	97.8 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	97.8 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	97.8 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	98.5 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	98.9 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Literacy - male

2004	98.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	98.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	98.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	98.6 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	99.1 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Literacy - female

2004	97.5 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	97.5 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2002	97.5 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2001	98.3 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003
2000	98.8 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

Landlines telephones

2008	62 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2007	62 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2006	62 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2005	61 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2004	58 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2003	56 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2002	52 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2001	51 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2000	49 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009

Cellular telephone subscribers

2008	351 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2007	351 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2006	300 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2005	219 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2004	170 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2003	128 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2002	88 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2001	81 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2000	65 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009

Internet users

2008	120 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2007	120 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2006	116 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2005	101 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2004	77 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2003	55 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2002	20 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2001	16 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009
2000	12 per 1,000 people	ITU 2009

Transparency International corruption ranking (Scale: 1 = least corrupt, >175 = most corrupt)

2008	102 (joint)	Transparency International 2008
2007	99 (joint)	Transparency International 2007
2006	99 (joint)	Transparency International
2005	85 (joint)	Transparency International
2004	85 (joint)	Transparency International
2003	Not ranked
2002	Not ranked
2001	Not ranked
2000	Not ranked

Signatory of International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment for the crime of Genocide
Yes (1948)
Source: UNDP - Human Development Report

Signatory of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Yes (1984)
Source: UNDP - Human Development Report

Signatory of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
Yes (1989)
Source: UNDP - Human Development Report

ECONOMY & AID

Percentage of population living on less than US$1 a day

1990-2005	10.8 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
1990-2004	27.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
1990-2003	27.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
1990-2002	13.9 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
1990-2001	13.9 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003

GNI per capita, Atlas method

2007	1290 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2006	1000 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2005	810 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2004	690 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2003	560 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2002	490 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2001	440 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2000	410 current US$	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008

The purpose of the Atlas conversion factor is to reduce the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in a cross-country comparison of national incomes. The Atlas conversion factor for any year is the average of a country's exchange rate (or alternative conversion factor) for that year and its exchange rates for the two preceding years.

GDP

2007	3.9 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2006	3.1 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2005	2.3 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2004	1.8 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2003	1.4 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2002	1.3 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2001	1.2 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2000	1.1 current US$ billions	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009

Annual GDP growth

2006	8.6 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008
2005	7.3 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008
2004	10.6 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008
2003	7.0 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008
2002	4.7 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008
2001	3.0 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008
2000	0.5 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2008

Annual inflation

2007	12.3 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2006	23.1 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2005	20.4 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2004	17.2 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2003	9.8 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2002	5.1 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2001	6.3 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009
2000	26.1 percent	World Bank Data Profile Tables 2009

Share of income or consumption (poorest 10 percent)
3.0 (latest available year)
Source: UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008

Share of income or consumption (richest 10 percent)
24.6 (latest available year)
Source: UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008

HEALTH

Physicians

2000-2004	263 per 100,000 people	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
1990-2004	263 per 100,000 people	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
1990-2003	278 per 100,000 people	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
1990-2002	254 per 100,000 people	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003

Percentage HIV+ (adults aged 15-49)

2007	0.1 percent	U.N. Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 2008
2006	<0.1 percent	U.N. Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 2008
2005	<0.1 percent	U.N. Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 2008
2004	No data available percent
2003	No data available percent

Malaria
No risk
Source: WHO

TB cases

2007	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2006	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2005	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2004	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2003	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2002	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2001	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009
2000	205 per 100,000 people	WHO 2009

CONFLICT & MIGRATION

Number of refugees originating here

2008	1333	UNHCR
2007	1101	UNHCR
2006	868	Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
2005	654	UNHCR
2004	442	UNHCR
2003	No data available
2002	No data available
2001	No data available
2000	No data available

Number of refugees residing here

2008	11	UNHCR
2007	5	UNHCR
2006	5	UNHCR

Number of internally displaced people\Estimate

	No data available

No data available

Landmine casualties per year

2007	3	Landmine Monitor Report 2008
2004	0	Landmine Monitor Report 2005
2003	0	Landmine Monitor Report 2004

Casualty figures may include both civilians and military personnel injured or killed by landmines and unexploded ordnance.
Signatory to landmine convention?
No
Source: Landmine Monitor Report

Percentage of GDP spent on military

2005	1.6 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2004	2.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2003	No data available percent

Percentage of GDP spent on education

2002-2005	5.3 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2002-2004	5.6 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2000-2002	9.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
1999-2001	6.5 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
1998-2000	2.3 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003

Percentage of GDP spent on health

2004	4.0 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2007/2008
2003-2004	4.3 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2006
2002	4.6 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2005
2001	4.6 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2004
2000	4.6 percent	UNDP - Human Development Report 2003