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FROM THE FIELD

Sudan: an increasingly fragile peace
29 Jul 2009 14:45:00 GMT
Source: Oxfam GB - UK
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Charity report In southern Sudan's most violent year since the 2005 peace agreement - now reaching it's most critical phase - Alun McDonald finds progress to be frustratingly slow.

In a forest clearing in southern Sudan, John Ajeng shifts his tattered cowboy hat to one side, lights a pipe and recalls the bad times. As one of the village elders, Mr Ajeng has lived through more years of war than peace. He remembers when they literally had nothing.

"Nobody even had shoes to wear during Anya Nya 1 [as the first war in southern Sudan, from 1956-1972, is known]. There were no boreholes - for water we had to search in the swamp. There was very little farming or cultivation. By April most years, we ran out of crops and struggled to find food. No NGOs could get to us - it was too dangerous to travel along any of the roads.

"By the time of Anya Nya 2 (Sudan's second civil war, from 1983-2005) life was very, very difficult. But some people at least managed to go to school and be educated.

Local women farming on the edge of the village - Oxfam provides tools, seeds and advice to help 
them grow vegetables to feed their families and sell at the market
Local women farming on the edge of the village - Oxfam provides tools, seeds and advice to help them grow vegetables to feed their families and sell at the market
"Now there is peace, and we are finally seeing some more development."

But here - in one of the poorest regions of the world, only just emerging from decades of civil war - development is very much a relative term.

"There was war here for so long that now we need everything," he continued. "We need roads, doctors and schools. We still only have one borehole for the whole area, and we don't have a health centre. In the rainy season NGOs cannot reach us and we are completely cut off. Things are changing, but very slowly."

Across the south, and other war-affected areas of Sudan, frustration is growing at the slow rate of development and political progress since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement [PDF] - was signed in 2005. The Agreement is still holding - a momentous achievement in a country that has seen just 15 years of peace since independence - but it is increasingly fragile.

Some of the most contentious parts of the deal are soon to come - including national elections next year; and in early 2011 a referendum to decide if the south secedes or remains part of a united Sudan. This is a crucial but volatile time.  

 

Men from Makundi gather at a village meeting

Men from Makundi gather at a village meeting
Mr Ajeng lives in Makundi, a small hamlet in Lakes State. Villagers say it is 17 miles - or a four-hour walk through the forest - to reach the main road, itself just a wide dirt track. There are only around 20 miles of paved road in all of southern Sudan, a region three times the size of the UK.

Since the peace, children in the village can now attend school - but they miss hours of class each day as they have to walk to get there. Their parents will not let them set off before sunrise, in fear of the wild animals that still live in the forest.

When they do reach class, there are not enough teachers and books are shared between dozens of pupils. Throughout southern Sudan, there is just one teacher for every 1,000 primary school pupils, according to the United Nations. Only two percent of children here complete even a primary school education. With qualified doctors and midwives in equally short supply, a 15-year old girl from southern Sudan is more likely to die in childbirth than finish school. Many never even make it that far - one in seven children born here will die before their fifth birthday.

 

A traditional home for cattle herders in Lakes State

A traditional home for cattle herders in Lakes State
Police are almost as scarce as doctors. A local administrator told me he has just one policeman to patrol his entire county - covering dozens of villages and thousands of people. Unsurprisingly, a lack of security is an increasing worry for many people. Lakes State saw some of the fiercest fighting during the civil war. Towns and villages were regularly bombed, attacked by militia, and fought over by the northern army and the southern Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) rebels. There has been no more bombing since the peace agreement - but there are still guns everywhere. Even some young children carry AK-47s as they herd cattle. Deadly cattle raids and attacks on villages are common.

2009 has so far been the most violent year for southern Sudan since the peace agreement. Over 1,000 people have reportedly been killed, and at least 214,000 have fled their homes - more even than in Darfur this year. 

"After the peace agreement, we were promised security, jobs and development," says Francis Deng, another Lakes State villager. "But there are no jobs, and we can't afford food or education. My friends used to say, 'Well, at least it's safe these days.' But now we can't even say that. Nobody here wants to return to war, but we expect that it will happen. People are frustrated and a lot of the hope has gone."

For too long, the south of Sudan has been forgotten and overshadowed by the ongoing violence and humanitarian crisis in Darfur. Yet the stakes here are enormous. The second war in southern Sudan was one of the longest and bloodiest in Africa, and spilled across borders. An estimated 2 million people died as a result of the violence and the ensuing drought, famine and displacement. Now tensions are again escalating, violence is increasing, and years of careful diplomatic efforts and peace negotiations are at risk. Time to save the peace agreement is running out.

Learn more about Oxfam's work in southern Sudan


More from the Oxfam Press Office at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/news


[ Any views expressed in this article are those of the writer and not of Reuters. ]


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[ Any views expressed in this article are those of the writer and not of Reuters. ]

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